The search space for protein engineering grows exponentially with complexity. A protein of just 100 amino acids has 20^100 possible variants-more combinations than atoms in the observable universe.

AI-guided redesign of protein alphabet in bacteria could unlock new ways to build synthetic organisms.

The genetic code has given rise to the enormous diversity of proteins we see in nature—and rearranging the order of codons that make up a protein’s sequence leads to an immense variety of structure ...

For all the excitement surrounding AlphaFold and the surge of AI‑driven protein design tools, one fact often goes unexamined: nearly every model is trained on databases of known proteins. These ...

Most hypotheses suggest that earlier forms of life had partial genetic codes and used fewer than 20 amino acids. To test ...